By Dr. H. A. Hellyer
Research Fellow
The subject "Islam and the Future of Europe" would have been "Islam and Europe" in the 1980s when we identified these two things as almost mutually exclusive. In the 1990s, we might have said "Islam in Europe," and the discourse was about a foreign element at work within our continent. We could have good relations, but we were Europeans and they were Muslims.
We have moved on somewhat since those days. We have two competing paradigms now. The first you can see by looking at some of the new additions to what passes as popular literature: "What Went Wrong?"; Radical Islam's War Against America; Prophet of Doom; Militant Islam Reaches America; Where Civilizations Collide. In this worldview, Islam is to be feared, and it is to be feared as something foreign.
The second paradigm, which is less media sensationalistic but more rooted in history, is the realization that the past and the present of Europe cannot be envisaged without examining the contribution and effects of Muslims and Islam. One non-Muslim author wrote, "Europe owes Islamic civilisation for assisting in its birth." In art, in culture, in science, and in intellectual thought, Europe and the Middle East exchanged and benefited from each other, which are matters of historical record for anyone who wishes to read them. Please note that I said "Europe and the Middle East," not "Europe and the Muslim world," because the Muslim world existed in Europe since the 7th century. The Muslim world is Spain and Portugal, and it existed since 711. The Muslim world is Sicily. The Muslim world is Lithuania and Poland. The Muslim world is the Ottoman Empire. The Muslim world is the effect on Saint Thomas Aquinas. The Muslim world is the Renaissance. That is what the Muslim world is in Europe's past; and in Europe's present, the Muslim world is 20 to 30 million European citizens.
Two Stereotypes
But we talk here about the future of Europe, a continent in the midst of a great search, looking for its soul and its place in the world. We also talk about the same search going on in Europe's Muslim communities, as they find not their soul, which is Islam, but their place.
It is the issue that the far right parties in particular use to make themselves more popular.
Two stereotypes abound about Europe and Muslim Europeans. The first is that everything is fine, and no one needs to worry about anything vis-Ã -vis Europe and its Muslim populations. The other stereotype is that Muslims are persecuted in Europe. These are both woefully ill-informed stereotypes, and they both have elements of truth. It is suitable that we examine them closely.
In the face of phenomenal changes to their societies resulting from European integration, modernity, and so forth, Europeans currently find themselves in an identity crisis that is continually exploited. A lot of authors talk about Muslim identity crisis, but a much deeper crisis is among the non-Muslim majority. This is an issue of growing importance, whether on the political left, right, or in the center. Unfortunately, it is the issue that the far right parties in particular use to make themselves more popular. The question that many Europeans are asking themselves now is "we are tolerant? Are we too tolerant?"
Instead of confronting that problem of identity on a fundamental level, taking into account the new dynamics, some are simply using the "problematic Muslim" as an excuse to escape answering the true conundrum of defining what it is to be "European." We call this a "cop out" — avoiding the issue, failing to deal with what must be dealt with. Unfortunately, it is not entirely unsurprising.
Problems With Pluralism
Historically, Europe has often had severe problems with pluralism. The Spanish Inquisition happened in Europe. The Holocaust happened in Europe. The Bosnian genocide happened in Europe. On the other hand, the end of slavery began as a European movement. The human rights projects that became so pivotal in the world began as European ideas. And Europe has learned a lot from its history. But at the same time, many sectors of European societies feel vulnerable about the dissipation of the cohesion of society and the nation. And we have to take it very seriously because it is a real problem, and often, Muslim communities may not be blamed, but they do not always help.
There are some sectors, both within the Muslim community and within the majority, that identify the historical contribution of Islam to Europe and build a Muslim European identity. It is very easy, actually, considering the historical links and the common values that exist between the fundamentals of European culture and Islamic precepts. But it is also easy to go the other way. In a crisis, many people look for the easy way out, and just condemn the other, whether from within the Muslim community or the non-Muslim majority. That is not a positive future.
The discussion over the future is taking place now, and everything you have seen in the news over the past few months — the Pope's comments on Islam, the comments of the British minister on the face veil (niqab), the banning of the face veil in some parts of Europe, the banning of the hijab in French and German schools — relates directly to the search of Europe to find her soul again. Unfortunately, rather than searching for her own soul, she often demonizes the soul of one of her sons.
Creative Minority
In a speech to the Italian senate some years ago, Pope Benedict XVI — before he became pope — mentioned Arnold Toynbee's belief that every civilization requires a creative minority to renew itself, and that Europe needed that now. Modernity, migration, globalization, secularism; all of these things and more had affected more change than Europe could handle, and a creative minority was needed to achieve a balance. Whether European Muslim communities prove to be a part of that creative minority or not is uncertain, but not impossible. It is a tough time for European Muslims, for European non-Muslims, and for Europe as a whole, but it is an exciting one.
In a class I teach on Muslims in Europe at the American University in Cairo, we recently discussed the issue of fiqh al-aqalliyat or the "jurisprudence for minorities". In brief, the philosophical basis behind the argument for such an idea is that Muslims in the West live as doubly marginalized communities; they are estranged from the Muslim world because they do not live in countries where Muslims are a majority, and thus are similar to extra supplements of the Muslim world elsewhere. And they are estranged from their neighbors in Europe, as a minority.
Muslims in Europe
Growing numbers of Muslims in Europe are rejecting such ideas of marginalization for a number of reasons:
• The history of Islam in Europe is an old and clearly indigenous one, far older, for example, than Islam in many parts of the Muslim world.
• The large immigrant communities are now in their second, third, fourth, and fifth generations and do not recognize any home other than Europe.
• A growing convert community accepts no myth of return to "home countries" nor do they accept that they must reject the culture of these new parts of the Muslim world in the West.
Modernity has been a positive force in some respects and negative in others, but it is certainly overwhelming.
As these communities begin to relate their existence as Muslims in their new Western contexts, there has been a growing trend for these communities to reject the idea emanating from much of the Muslim world that they are not really supposed to be there, that it would make much more sense for them to be in the "Muslim world." But when they look at their history, they see that their religious freedom is upheld far better in Europe than in much of the Muslim world. They see that Muslims lived as minorities for hundreds of years in places like sub-Saharan Africa and China, where Islam is older than it is in Egypt, and that those minorities contributed to Islam in magnificent ways.
Those historical minorities were on the edge. They were on the frontier. But this did not stop them. On the contrary, it inspired them. The Hadith collections that the entire Sunni Muslim world treats as sacrosanct came from people who lived as minorities. Imam Al-Shafi`i, the founder of what is now probably the most widespread of the classical Islamic schools of law, lived and died as the member of a religious minority in this country; remember that the Egyptian Muslim community was a minority for hundreds of years.
Modernity
Importantly, there is also a contribution coming from Muslim movements in the West to the Islamic world because they live in the heart of the new frontier of the 21st century, a frontier that we generally call modernity.
Modernity has been a positive force in some respects and negative in others, but it is certainly overwhelming. Cultures and societies have been affected in astounding ways. Here is a rough numerical estimation: The world probably changed more in the 200 years between 1800 and 2000 than it did in the 800 years between 1000 and 1800. Most of the Muslim world has doubly suffered from modernity, in part because of colonialism and in part because it never charted a course by which it could navigate modernity while remaining true to its essential values. There are still parts of the Muslim world where religious legal scholars argue on the assumption that the world economic system operates under a gold standard. And we could mention other topics, but the point is well made.
On the other hand, the Muslim populations of the West, in Europe as well as in North America, are in the heart of modernity and understand it, by and large, far better than their Eastern counterparts. Yet they do not have the historical pedigree in Islamic intellectual thought that places like the center of the Muslim world have. The exchange of ideas and the flow of information that is currently going on is a fruitful exchange. A couple of hundred years from now, Azhari students may be reading books written not in Cairo or Damascus but in Paris or New York.
Stranger things have happened. No one would have dreamed in the 8th century that the khalifah of all the Muslims would be a Turk in Istanbul. Nor that in Yemen, where Islamic legal thought has been going on for a thousand years, Malaysian scholars would be brought from the relatively new Muslim populations of the Far East to teach. Toynbee's idea of a creative minority that renews civilizations holds true in this regard as well.
All that was different then was that people had a vision to look beyond the moment. The potential for that to happen again already exists. European culture is like the soil of what could be a beautiful garden, and the fundamentals of Islam are noble seeds to plant therein. Whether we will see trees of splendor and magnificence coming to fruition is dependent on whether European Muslims and European non-Muslims alike will show courage or succumb to fear. It is truly our choice, and may we make the right one.
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Dr. H.A. Hellyer, a fellow at the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations at the University of Warwick (UK) and Director of the research consultancy, the Visionary Consultants Group (VCG). He is a United Nations ‘Global Expert’ on Muslim/non-Muslim relations, political philosophy, the interplay between religion and modernity, and counter-terrorism in the West & the Middle East. He is the author of Muslims of Europe: the 'Other' Europeans. His official website is www.hahellyer.com.